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Modernization theory holds that as societies become more economically modernized, wealthier and more educated, their political institutions become increasingly liberal democratic. [ 1] The "classical" theories of modernization of the 1950s and 1960s, most influentially articulated by Seymour Lipset, [ 1] drew on sociological analyses of Karl ...
—Max Weber in Sociological Writings, 1904. Weber's methodology was developed in the context of wider debates about social scientific methodology. The first of which was the Methodenstreit ("method dispute"). His position in it was close to historicism, as he thought that social actions were heavily tied to particular historical contexts. Furthermore, analysing social actions required the ...
Marxian class theory asserts that an individual's position within a class hierarchy is determined by their role in the production process, and argues that political and ideological consciousness is determined by class position. [ 1] A class is those who share common economic interests, are conscious of those interests, and engage in collective ...
Organizational theory refers to a series of interrelated concepts that involve the sociological study of the structures and operations of formal social organizations. Organizational theory also seeks to explain how interrelated units of organization either connect or do not connect with each other. Organizational theory also concerns ...
Marx's "base determines superstructure" axiom, however, requires qualification: the base is the whole of productive relationships, not only a given economic element, e.g. the working class historically, the superstructure varies and develops unevenly in society's different activities; for example, art, politics, economics, etc.
Law. Bureaucracy ( / bjʊəˈrɒkrəsi /; bure-OK-rə-see) is a system of organization where decisions are made by a body of non-elected officials. [ 1] Historically, a bureaucracy was a government administration managed by departments staffed with non-elected officials. [ 2] Today, bureaucracy is the administrative system governing any large ...
e. In the theoretical works of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels and subsequent Marxist writers, socialization (or the socialization of production) is the process of transforming the act of producing and distributing goods and services from a solitary to a social relationship and collective endeavor. With the development of capitalism, production ...
Anthropology. In the social sciences, social structure is the aggregate of patterned social arrangements in society that are both emergent from and determinant of the actions of individuals. [ 1] Likewise, society is believed to be grouped into structurally related groups or sets of roles, with different functions, meanings, or purposes.