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Victor David Gruen, born Viktor David Grünbaum[ 1] (July 18, 1903 – February 14, 1980), was an Austrian-American architect best known as a pioneer in the design of shopping malls in the United States. [ 2] He is also noted for his urban revitalization proposals, described in his writings and applied in master plans such as for Fort Worth ...
The International Council of Shopping Centers, based in New York City, classifies two types of shopping centers as malls: regional malls and superregional malls.A regional mall, per the International Council of Shopping Centers, is a shopping mall with 400,000 sq ft (37,000 m 2) to 800,000 sq ft (74,000 m 2) gross leasable area with at least two anchor stores. [8]
Kalamazoo Mall. The Kalamazoo Mall, the first outdoor pedestrian shopping mall in the United States, is a section of Burdick Street in downtown Kalamazoo, Michigan . Built for $60,000 and opened in 1959, the pedestrian mall became the first of several hundred built in the United States. The bold effort to make a downtown street car-free as a ...
Horton Plaza was a five-level outdoor shopping mall in downtown San Diego.It was designed by Jon Jerde and was known for its bright colors, architectural tricks, and odd spatial rhythms, occupying 6.5 city blocks adjacent to the city's historic Gaslamp Quarter.
This is a list of shopping malls in the United States and its territories that have at least 2,000,000 total square feet of retail space (gross leasable area).The list is based on the latest self-reported figures from the mall management websites, which are also reported on each mall's individual wiki page.
In 1959, Kalamazoo, Michigan, was the first American city to implement a "pedestrian mall" in its downtown core, [3] This became a method that some cities applied for their downtowns to compete with the growing suburban shopping malls of the time. In the 1960s and 70s over 200 towns in the United States adopted this approach. [3]
Outdoor outlet mall) Manhattan Town Center – Manhattan (1987–present) Metcalf South Shopping Center – Overland Park (1967–2014. Demolished except for the former Sears) Mission Center Mall – Mission (1989–2006. Demolished) Oak Park Mall – Overland Park (1974–present. Largest mall in Kansas and the Kansas City Metropolitan Area)
Gruen transfer. In shopping mall design, the Gruen transfer (also known as the Gruen effect) is the moment when consumers enter a shopping mall or store and, surrounded by an intentionally confusing layout, lose track of their original intentions, making them more susceptible to making impulse buys. It is named after Austrian architect Victor ...