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Ocean acidification is the ongoing decrease in the pH of the Earth's ocean. Between 1950 and 2020, the average pH of the ocean surface fell from approximately 8.15 to 8.05. [ 2] Carbon dioxide emissions from human activities are the primary cause of ocean acidification, with atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO 2) levels exceeding 410 ppm (in 2020).
A change in pH by 0.1 represents a 26% increase in hydrogen ion concentration in the world's oceans (the pH scale is logarithmic, so a change of one in pH units is equivalent to a tenfold change in hydrogen ion concentration). Sea-surface pH and carbonate saturation states vary depending on ocean depth and location.
The Indonesian Sea and Coast Guard Unit ( Indonesian: Kesatuan Penjagaan Laut dan Pantai Republik Indonesia – KPLP) is an agency of Government of Indonesia which main function is to ensure the safety of shipping inside the Indonesian Maritime Zone. KPLP has the task of formulating and execute policies, standards, norms, guidelines, criteria ...
The presence of free hydrogen ions (H +) lowers the pH of the ocean. There is a natural gradient of pH in the ocean which is related to the breakdown of organic matter in deep water which slowly lowers the pH with depth: The pH value of seawater is naturally as low as 7.8 in deep ocean waters as a result of degradation of organic matter there ...
e. In chemistry, pH ( / piːˈeɪtʃ / pee-AYCH ), also referred to as acidity or basicity, historically denotes " potential of hydrogen " (or "power of hydrogen"). [ 1] It is a logarithmic scale used to specify the acidity or basicity of aqueous solutions.
Acid rain is rain or any other form of precipitation that is unusually acidic, meaning that it has elevated levels of hydrogen ions (low pH ). Most water, including drinking water, has a neutral pH that exists between 6.5 and 8.5, but acid rain has a pH level lower than this and ranges from 4–5 on average. [ 1][ 2] The more acidic the acid ...
40% at 3,000 metres (10,000 ft) [ 1][ 2] Altitude sickness, the mildest form being acute mountain sickness ( AMS ), is a harmful effect of high altitude, caused by rapid exposure to low amounts of oxygen at high elevation. [ 1][ 2][ 3] People can respond to high altitude in different ways. Symptoms may include headaches, vomiting, tiredness ...
Air pressure actually decreases exponentially with altitude, dropping by half every 5.6 km (18,000 ft) or by a factor of 1/e (0.368) every 7.64 km (25,100 ft), (this is called the scale height) -- for altitudes out to around 70 km (43 mi; 230,000 ft). However, the atmosphere is more accurately modeled with a customized equation for each layer ...