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Fiore Furlano de Cividale d'Austria, delli Liberi da Premariacco (Fiore dei Liberi, Fiore Furlano, Fiore de Cividale d'Austria; born ca. 1350; [ 1] died after 1409 [ 2]) was a late 14th century knight, diplomat, and itinerant fencing master . He is the earliest Italian master from whom an extant martial arts manual has survived.
The Flos Duellatorum is the name given to one of the manuscript versions of Fiore dei Liberi 's illuminated manuscript fight book, written in 1410 (dated to 1409 in the old reckoning ). There are five other surviving recensions, under the title Fior di Battaglia. Both Flos Duellatorum and Fior di Battaglia translate into English roughly as "The ...
The earliest master to write in the Italian language was Fiore dei Liberi, commissioned by the Marquis di Ferrara. Between 1407 and 1410, he documented comprehensive fighting techniques in a treatise entitled Flos Duellatorum covering grappling, dagger, arming sword, longsword, pole-weapons, armoured combat, and mounted combat. [5]
Indeed, the author Fiore dei Liberi states that he has learned much of his art from one "Master Johannes of Swabia". The heyday of the Italian school comes in the 16th century, with the Dardi school. Fiore dei Liberi's Flos Duellatorum (1410) Filippo Vadi's De Arte Gladiatoria Dimicandi (1485) Pietro Monte (1509) Anonimo Bolognese M-345/6 (c ...
The German school of fencing ( Deutsche Schule; Kunst des Fechtens [a]) is a system of combat taught in the Holy Roman Empire during the Late Medieval, German Renaissance, and early modern periods. It is described in the contemporary Fechtbücher ("fencing books") written at the time. The geographical center of this tradition was in what is now ...
One of the earliest known Italian treatises on swordsmanship and other martial arts is the Flos Duellatorum (Fior Di Battaglia/The Flower of Battle) written by Fiore dei Liberi around 1409. Fiore's treatise describes an advanced martial arts system of grappling , dagger , short sword , longsword , pollaxe , and spear .
Italian martial arts include all those unarmed and armed fighting arts popular in Italy between the Bronze age until the 19th century AD. It involved the usage of weapons (swords, daggers, walking stick and staff). Each weapon is the product of a specific historical era. The swords used in Italian martial arts range from the Bronze daggers of ...
Ms. E.1939.65.341. Ms. Germ. Quart. 2020. Cod.icon. 393. Cod. 10825/10826. M. Dresd. C.93/94. Johannes Liechtenauer (also Lichtnauer, Hans Lichtenawer) was a German fencing master who had a great level of influence on the German fencing tradition in the 14th century.