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Water supply and sanitation in Rwanda is characterized by a clear government policy and significant donor support. In response to poor sustainability of rural water systems and poor service quality, in 2002 local government in the Northern Byumba Province contracted out service provision to the local private sector in a form of public–private partnership.
Water supply is the provision of water by public utilities, commercial organisations, community endeavors or by individuals, usually via a system of pumps and pipes. Public water supply systems are crucial to properly functioning societies. These systems are what supply drinking water to populations around the globe. [ 1]
The National Rural Water Association was founded in 1976 in response to the Safe Drinking Water Act, passed in 1974.The SDWA authorized the United States Environmental Protection Agency to set national health-based standards for drinking water to protect against both naturally occurring and man-made contaminants that may be found in drinking water.
The institutional structures for water supply and sanitation that came out of it differ throughout the continent. Two general distinctions can be made. A first distinction should be made between water supply and sanitation responsibilities in (i) urban areas and (ii) rural areas.
Most urban residents have access to drinking water supply, but access lags behind in rural areas. Access to sanitation also considerably lags behind access to drinking water supply. The bulk water supply infrastructure is owned by NamWater, a public entity operating under commercial principles. It sells water to the mining companies, as well as ...
Concerning rural areas, investments are financed primarily by grants. According to the 2000–2015 Rural Water and Sanitation Strategy and Investment Plan, Uganda's principal investment document for rural water supply and sanitation, financing for the rural sector continued to be provided by external donors, the national government, and NGOs. [77]
The treated potable water will then be distributed to the two refuge camps and to the rural and urban communities in Isingiro District. [5] This project is affiliated with another ongoing government undertaking by the same ministry; the Masaka–Mbarara Water Supply and Sanitation Project. The Kagera River will serve as the raw water source for ...
Water resources and use. The major river in Ethiopia is the Blue Nile. However, most drinking water in Ethiopia comes from ground water, not rivers. Ethiopia has 12 river basins with an annual runoff volume of 122 billion m 3 of water and an estimated 2.6–6.5 billion m 3 of ground water potential.