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  2. Circular flow of income - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circular_flow_of_income

    Basic diagram of the circular flow of income. The functioning of the free-market economic system is represented with firms and households and interaction back and forth. [2] The circular flow of income or circular flow is a model of the economy in which the major exchanges are represented as flows of money, goods and services, etc. between ...

  3. Stock and flow - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stock_and_flow

    Stocks and flows in accounting. Thus, a stock refers to the value of an asset at a balance date (or point in time), while a flow refers to the total value of transactions (sales or purchases, incomes or expenditures) during an accounting period. If the flow value of an economic activity is divided by the average stock value during an accounting ...

  4. Price–specie flow mechanism - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Price–specie_flow_mechanism

    The price–specie flow mechanism is a model developed by Scottish economist David Hume (1711–1776) to illustrate how trade imbalances can self-correct and adjust under the gold standard. Hume expounded his argument in Of the Balance of Trade, which he wrote to counter the Mercantilist idea that a nation should strive for a positive balance ...

  5. Modigliani–Miller theorem - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modigliani–Miller_theorem

    The Modigliani–Miller theorem (of Franco Modigliani, Merton Miller) is an influential element of economic theory; it forms the basis for modern thinking on capital structure. [ 1] The basic theorem states that in the absence of taxes, bankruptcy costs, agency costs, and asymmetric information, and in an efficient market, the enterprise value ...

  6. Capital asset pricing model - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_asset_pricing_model

    An estimation of the CAPM and the security market line (purple) for the Dow Jones Industrial Average over 3 years for monthly data. In finance, the capital asset pricing model ( CAPM) is a model used to determine a theoretically appropriate required rate of return of an asset, to make decisions about adding assets to a well-diversified portfolio .

  7. Order flow trading - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_flow_trading

    Order flow trading is the process of analysing the flow of trades being placed by other traders on a specific market. [2] This is done by watching the Order Book and also footprint charts . [ 2 ] Order flow analysis allows traders to see what type of orders are being placed at a certain time in the market, e.g. the amount of Buy and Sell orders ...

  8. Trade-off theory of capital structure - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade-Off_Theory_of...

    The top curve shows the tax shield gains of debt financing, while the bottom curve includes that minus the costs of bankruptcy. The trade-off theory of capital structure is the idea that a company chooses how much debt finance and how much equity finance to use by balancing the costs and benefits. The classical version of the hypothesis goes ...

  9. Market microstructure - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Market_microstructure

    Market microstructure. Market microstructure is a branch of finance concerned with the details of how exchange occurs in markets. While the theory of market microstructure applies to the exchange of real or financial assets, more evidence is available on the microstructure of financial markets due to the availability of transactions data from ...