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The parallel operator (pronounced "parallel", [ 1] following the parallel lines notation from geometry; [ 2][ 3] also known as reduced sum, parallel sum or parallel addition) is a mathematical function which is used as a shorthand in electrical engineering, [ 4][ 5][ 6][ nb 1] but is also used in kinetics, fluid mechanics and financial ...
Series and parallel circuits. A series circuit with a voltage source (such as a battery, or in this case a cell) and three resistance units. Two-terminal components and electrical networks can be connected in series or parallel. The resulting electrical network will have two terminals, and itself can participate in a series or parallel topology.
Resistor ladder. A resistor ladder is an electrical circuit made from repeating units of resistors, in specific configurations. An R–2R ladder configuration is a simple and inexpensive way to perform digital-to-analog conversion (DAC), using repetitive arrangements of precise resistor networks in a ladder -like configuration.
Resistor. A resistor is a passive two-terminal electrical component that implements electrical resistance as a circuit element. In electronic circuits, resistors are used to reduce current flow, adjust signal levels, to divide voltages, bias active elements, and terminate transmission lines, among other uses.
In electronics, a voltage divider (also known as a potential divider) is a passive linear circuit that produces an output voltage ( Vout) that is a fraction of its input voltage ( Vin ). Voltage division is the result of distributing the input voltage among the components of the divider. A simple example of a voltage divider is two resistors ...
v. t. e. A series RLC network (in order): a resistor, an inductor, and a capacitor. Tuned circuit of a shortwave radio transmitter. This circuit does not have a resistor like the above, but all tuned circuits have some resistance, causing them to function as an RLC circuit. An RLC circuit is an electrical circuit consisting of a resistor (R ...
Johnson 's 1927 experiment showed that if thermal noise from a resistance of with temperature is bandlimited to bandwidth , then its root mean squared voltage is in general, where is the Boltzmann constant. Johnson–Nyquist noise ( thermal noise, Johnson noise, or Nyquist noise) is the electronic noise generated by the thermal agitation of the ...
Capacitors and inductors as used in electric circuits are not ideal components with only capacitance or inductance. However, they can be treated, to a very good degree of approximation, as being ideal capacitors and inductors in series with a resistance; this resistance is defined as the equivalent series resistance ( ESR ).