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Direct memory access (DMA) is a feature of computer systems that allows certain hardware subsystems to access main system memory independently of the central processing unit (CPU). [ 1 ] Without DMA, when the CPU is using programmed input/output , it is typically fully occupied for the entire duration of the read or write operation, and is thus ...
A fiber optic cable assembly with SC APC connectors, as commonly used to link optical network terminals to passive optical networks. A passive optical network ( PON) is a fiber-optic telecommunications network that uses only unpowered devices to carry signals, as opposed to electronic equipment. In practice, PONs are typically used for the last ...
Wireless access point. In computer networking, a wireless access point, or more generally just access point ( AP ), is a networking hardware device that allows other Wi-Fi devices to connect to a wired network or wireless network. As a standalone device, the AP may have a wired or wireless connection to a router or router, but, in a wireless ...
Access Point Name. An Access Point Name ( APN) is the name of a gateway [ 1] between a mobile network ( GSM, GPRS, 3G, 4G and 5G) and another computer network, frequently the public Internet. [ 2] A mobile device making a data connection must be configured with an APN to present to the carrier. The carrier will then examine this identifier to ...
IMT-2000 ( International Mobile Telecommunications-2000) is the global standard for third generation ( 3G) wireless communications as defined by the International Telecommunication Union. [1] [2] [3] In 1999 ITU approved five radio interfaces for IMT-2000 as a part of the ITU-R M.1457 Recommendation. [4] The five standards are: [5]
An optical transport network ( OTN) is a digital wrapper that encapsulates frames of data, to allow multiple data sources to be sent on the same channel. This creates an optical virtual private network for each client signal. ITU-T defines an optical transport network as a set of optical network elements (ONE) connected by optical fiber links ...
Digital rights management ( DRM) is the management of legal access to digital content. Various tools or technological protection measures ( TPM ), [ 1] such as access control technologies, can restrict the use of proprietary hardware and copyrighted works. [ 2] DRM technologies govern the use, modification and distribution of copyrighted works ...
Open access logo, originally designed by Public Library of Science. A PhD Comics introduction to open access. Open access ( OA) is a set of principles and a range of practices through which nominally copyrightable publications are delivered to readers free of access charges or other barriers. [ 1]