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A priori ('from the earlier') and a posteriori ('from the later') are Latin phrases used in philosophy to distinguish types of knowledge, justification, or argument by their reliance on experience. A priori knowledge is independent from any experience. Examples include mathematics, [ i] tautologies and deduction from pure reason.
Learning theory describes how students receive, process, and retain knowledge during learning. Cognitive, emotional, and environmental influences, as well as prior experience, all play a part in how understanding, or a worldview, is acquired or changed and knowledge and skills retained. [ 1][ 2] Behaviorists look at learning as an aspect of ...
Knowledge is a form of familiarity, awareness, understanding, or acquaintance. It often involves the possession of information learned through experience [ 1] and can be understood as a cognitive success or an epistemic contact with reality, like making a discovery. [ 2] Many academic definitions focus on propositional knowledge in the form of ...
Constructivism in education is rooted in epistemology, a theory of knowledge concerned with the logical categories of knowledge and its justification. [3] It acknowledges that learners bring prior knowledge and experiences shaped by their social and cultural environment and that learning is a process of students "constructing" knowledge based on their experiences.
Procedural knowledge (also known as know-how, knowing-how, and sometimes referred to as practical knowledge, imperative knowledge, or performative knowledge) [ 1] is the knowledge exercised in the performance of some task. Unlike descriptive knowledge (also known as declarative knowledge, propositional knowledge or "knowing-that"), which ...
Hindsight bias, also known as the knew-it-all-along phenomenon[ 1] or creeping determinism, [ 2] is the common tendency for people to perceive past events as having been more predictable than they were. [ 3][ 4] After an event has occurred, people often believe that they could have predicted or perhaps even known with a high degree of certainty ...
In education, authentic learning is an instructional approach that allows students to explore, discuss, and meaningfully construct concepts and relationships in contexts that involve real-world problems and projects that are relevant to the learner. [ 1] It refers to a "wide variety of educational and instructional techniques focused on ...
The zone of proximal development ( ZPD) is a concept in educational psychology. It represents the space between what a learner is capable of doing unsupported and what the learner cannot do even with support. It is the range where the learner is able to perform, but only with support from a teacher or a peer with more knowledge or expertise (a ...