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International English Language Testing System (IELTS / ˈ aɪ. ɛ l t s /) [6] is an international standardized test of English language proficiency for non-native English language speakers. It is jointly managed by the British Council, IDP and Cambridge English, [6] and was established in 1989. IELTS is one of the major English-language tests ...
Students answer questions about main ideas, details, inferences, essential information, sentence insertion, vocabulary, rhetorical purpose, and overall ideas. New types of questions in the TOEFL iBT test require filling out tables or completing summaries. Prior knowledge of the subject under discussion is not necessary to come to the correct ...
Reading is the process of taking in the sense or meaning of letters, symbols, etc., especially by sight or touch. [1] [2] [3] [4]For educators and researchers, reading is a multifaceted process involving such areas as word recognition, orthography (spelling), alphabetics, phonics, phonemic awareness, vocabulary, comprehension, fluency, and motivation.
The Pearson Test of English Academic assesses the ability of non-native English speakers to participate in a university-level English language instruction program. It is a computer-based exam that focuses on real-life English used in academic surroundings. The test takers listen to a variety of accents and academic language that they will ...
A cloze test (also cloze deletion test or occlusion test) is an exercise, test, or assessment in which a portion of text is masked and the participant is asked to fill in the masked portion of text. Cloze tests require the ability to understand the context and vocabulary in order to identify the correct language or part of speech that belongs ...
The ACT ( / eɪ siː tiː /; originally an abbreviation of American College Testing) [ 10] is a standardized test used for college admissions in the United States. It is administered by ACT, a nonprofit organization of the same name. [ 10] The ACT test covers four academic skill areas: English, mathematics, reading, and scientific reasoning.
The Lettres provinciales ( Provincial letters) are a series of eighteen letters written by French philosopher and theologian Blaise Pascal under the pseudonym Louis de Montalte. Written in the midst of the formulary controversy between the Jansenists and the Jesuits, they are a defense of the Jansenist Antoine Arnauld from Port-Royal-des-Champs ...
A letter is a written message conveyed from one person (or group of people) to another through a medium. [1] Something epistolary means that it is a form of letter writing. The term usually excludes written material intended to be read in its original form by large numbers of people, such as newspapers and placards, although even these may ...