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Theory X and Theory Y are theories of human work motivation and management. They were created by Douglas McGregor while he was working at the MIT Sloan School of Management in the 1950s, and developed further in the 1960s. [ 1] McGregor's work was rooted in motivation theory alongside the works of Abraham Maslow, who created the hierarchy of needs.
Douglas McGregor. Douglas Murray McGregor (September 6, 1906 – October 1, 1964) was an American management professor at the MIT Sloan School of Management and president of Antioch College from 1948 to 1954. [ 1] He also taught at the Indian Institute of Management Calcutta.
Theory Z is a name for various theories of human motivation built on Douglas McGregor 's Theory X and Theory Y. Theories X, Y and various versions of Z have been used in human resource management, organizational behavior, organizational communication and organizational development. McGregor's Theory X states that workers inherently dislike and ...
Managerial psychology is a sub-discipline of industrial and organizational psychology that focuses on the effectiveness of individuals and groups in the workplace, using behavioral science . The purpose of managerial psychology is to aid managers in gaining a better managerial and personal understanding of the psychological patterns common ...
Mary Parker Follett (3 September 1868 – 18 December 1933) was an American management consultant, social worker, philosopher and pioneer in the fields of organizational theory and organizational behavior. Along with Lillian Gilbreth, she was one of two great women management experts in the early days of classical management theory.
Transactional leadership. Transactional leadership (or transactional management) is a type of leadership style that focuses on the exchange of skills, knowledge, resources, or effort between leaders and their subordinates. This leadership style prioritizes individual interests and extrinsic motivation as means to obtain a desired outcome.
In Search of Excellence is a book written by Tom Peters and Robert H. Waterman Jr. First published in 1982, it sold three million copies in its first four years, and was the most widely held monograph in the United States from 1989 to 2006. [ 1] The book explores the art and science of management used by several companies in the 1980s.
An authoritarian leadership style is described as being as "leaders' behavior that asserts absolute authority and control over subordinates and [that] demands unquestionable obedience from subordinates." [ 1] Such a leader has full control of the team, leaving low autonomy within the group. The group is expected to complete the tasks under very ...