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Python syntax and semantics. A snippet of Python code with keywords highlighted in bold yellow font. The syntax of the Python programming language is the set of rules that defines how a Python program will be written and interpreted (by both the runtime system and by human readers). The Python language has many similarities to Perl, C, and Java ...
First-class functions are a necessity for the functional programming style, in which the use of higher-order functions is a standard practice. A simple example of a higher-ordered function is the map function, which takes, as its arguments, a function and a list, and returns the list formed by applying the function to each member of the list ...
Data structures are generally based on the ability of a computer to fetch and store data at any place in its memory, specified by a pointer —a bit string, representing a memory address, that can be itself stored in memory and manipulated by the program. Thus, the array and record data structures are based on computing the addresses of data ...
Python's isoperator may be used to compare object identities (comparison by reference), and comparisons may be chained—for example, a<=b<=c. Python uses and, or, and notas Boolean operators. Python has a type of expression named a list comprehension, and a more general expression named a generatorexpression.
Tuple. In mathematics, a tuple is a finite sequence or ordered list of numbers or, more generally, mathematical objects, which are called the elements of the tuple. An n-tuple is a tuple of n elements, where n is a non-negative integer. There is only one 0-tuple, called the empty tuple. A 1-tuple and a 2-tuple are commonly called a singleton ...
The Rete algorithm ( / ˈriːtiː / REE-tee, / ˈreɪtiː / RAY-tee, rarely / ˈriːt / REET, / rɛˈteɪ / reh-TAY) is a pattern matching algorithm for implementing rule-based systems. The algorithm was developed to efficiently apply many rules or patterns to many objects, or facts, in a knowledge base. It is used to determine which of the ...
A partially observable Markov decision process ( POMDP) is a generalization of a Markov decision process (MDP). A POMDP models an agent decision process in which it is assumed that the system dynamics are determined by an MDP, but the agent cannot directly observe the underlying state. Instead, it must maintain a sensor model (the probability ...
Context-free grammar. Simplified excerpt of the formal grammar [1] for the C programming language (left), and a derivation of a piece of C code (right) from the nonterminal symbol . Nonterminal symbols are blue and terminal symbols are red. In formal language theory, a context-free grammar ( CFG) is a formal grammar whose production rules can ...