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The debt-to-equity ratio ( D/E) is a financial ratio indicating the relative proportion of shareholders' equity and debt used to finance a company's assets. [1] Closely related to leveraging, the ratio is also known as risk, gearing or leverage. The two components are often taken from the firm's balance sheet or statement of financial position ...
The return on equity (ROE) is a measure of the profitability of a business in relation to its equity; [1] where: . ROE = Net Income / Average Shareholders' Equity [1] Thus, ROE is equal to a fiscal year's net income (after preferred stock dividends, before common stock dividends), divided by total equity (excluding preferred shares), expressed as a percentage.
ROIC = NOPAT / Average Invested Capital There are three main components of this measurement that are worth noting: [2] While ratios such as return on equity and return on assets use net income as the numerator, ROIC uses net operating income after tax (NOPAT), which means that after-tax expenses (income) from financing activities are added back to (deducted from) net income.
The Modigliani–Miller theorem states that the enterprise value of the two firms is the same. Enterprise value encompasses claims by both creditors and shareholders, and is not to be confused with the value of the equity of the firm. The operational justification of the theorem can be visualized using the working of arbitrage.
A financial ratio or accounting ratio states the relative magnitude of two selected numerical values taken from an enterprise's financial statements. Often used in accounting, there are many standard ratios used to try to evaluate the overall financial condition of a corporation or other organization. Financial ratios may be used by managers ...
The debt ratio is a financial ratio that indicates the percentage of a company's assets that are provided via debt. It is the ratio of total debt and total assets : where, total debt comprises short-term and long-term liabilities and total assets is the sum of current assets, fixed assets, and other assets such as ' goodwill '.
Debt-to-capital ratio. A company's debt-to-capital ratio or D/C ratio is the ratio of its total debt to its total capital, its debt and equity combined. The ratio measures a company's capital structure, financial solvency, and degree of leverage, at a particular point in time. [1] The data to calculate the ratio are found on the balance sheet .
The weighted average cost of capital ( WACC) is the rate that a company is expected to pay on average to all its security holders to finance its assets. The WACC is commonly referred to as the firm's cost of capital. Importantly, it is dictated by the external market and not by management. The WACC represents the minimum return that a company ...