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In organic chemistry, a hydrate is a compound formed by the hydration, i.e. "Addition of water or of the elements of water (i.e. H and OH) to a molecular entity". [ 5] For example: ethanol, CH3−CH2−OH, is the product of the hydration reaction of ethene, CH2=CH2, formed by the addition of H to one C and OH to the other C, and so can be ...
In physics, a state of matter is one of the distinct forms in which matter can exist. Four states of matter are observable in everyday life: solid, liquid, gas, and plasma. Many intermediate states are known to exist, such as liquid crystal, and some states only exist under extreme conditions, such as Bose–Einstein condensates and Fermionic ...
Hydration reaction. In chemistry, a hydration reaction is a chemical reaction in which a substance combines with water. In organic chemistry, water is added to an unsaturated substrate, which is usually an alkene or an alkyne. This type of reaction is employed industrially to produce ethanol, isopropanol, and butan-2-ol. [ 1]
Hydration energy is one component in the quantitative analysis of solvation. It is a particular special case of water. [ 1] The value of hydration energies is one of the most challenging aspects of structural prediction. [ 2] Upon dissolving a salt in water, the cations and anions interact with the positive and negative dipoles of the water.
In common temperatures and pressures, atoms form the three classical states of matter: solid, liquid and gas. Complex molecules can also form various mesophases such as liquid crystals, which are intermediate between the liquid and solid phases. At high temperatures or strong electromagnetic fields atoms become ionized, forming plasma .
Extensive properties. An extensive property is a physical quantity whose value is proportional to the size of the system it describes, [ 8] or to the quantity of matter in the system. For example, the mass of a sample is an extensive quantity; it depends on the amount of substance. The related intensive quantity is the density which is ...
Water ( H2O) is a polar inorganic compound that is at room temperature a tasteless and odorless liquid, which is nearly colorless apart from an inherent hint of blue. It is by far the most studied chemical compound [ 19] and is described as the "universal solvent " [ 20] and the "solvent of life". [ 21]
Calcium silicate hydrates ( CSH or C-S-H) are the main products of the hydration of Portland cement and are primarily responsible for the strength of cement-based materials. [ 1] They are the main binding phase (the "glue") in most concrete. Only well defined and rare natural crystalline minerals can be abbreviated as CSH while extremely ...
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