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The return on equity (ROE) is a measure of the profitability of a business in relation to its equity; [1] where: . ROE = Net Income / Average Shareholders' Equity [1] Thus, ROE is equal to a fiscal year's net income (after preferred stock dividends, before common stock dividends), divided by total equity (excluding preferred shares), expressed as a percentage.
Return on capital. Return on capital ( ROC ), or return on invested capital ( ROIC ), is a ratio used in finance, valuation and accounting, as a measure of the profitability and value-creating potential of companies relative to the amount of capital invested by shareholders and other debtholders. [1] It indicates how effective a company is at ...
The Modigliani–Miller theorem states that the enterprise value of the two firms is the same. Enterprise value encompasses claims by both creditors and shareholders, and is not to be confused with the value of the equity of the firm. The operational justification of the theorem can be visualized using the working of arbitrage.
The debt-to-equity ratio ( D/E) is a financial ratio indicating the relative proportion of shareholders' equity and debt used to finance a company's assets. [1] Closely related to leveraging, the ratio is also known as risk, gearing or leverage. The two components are often taken from the firm's balance sheet or statement of financial position ...
A financial ratio or accounting ratio states the relative magnitude of two selected numerical values taken from an enterprise's financial statements. Often used in accounting, there are many standard ratios used to try to evaluate the overall financial condition of a corporation or other organization. Financial ratios may be used by managers ...
Equity value is the value of a company available to owners or shareholders. It is the enterprise value plus all cash and cash equivalents, short and long-term investments, and less all short-term debt , long-term debt and minority interests.
If not, adjust this part for when the interest can be deducted for tax purposes. Adjusted present value ( APV) is a valuation method introduced in 1974 by Stewart Myers. [1] The idea is to value the project as if it were all equity financed ("unleveraged"), and to then add the present value of the tax shield of debt – and other side effects. [2]
The firm's net debt and the value of other claims are then subtracted from EV to calculate the equity value. If only the free cash flows to equity (FCFE) are discounted, then the relevant discount rate should be the required return on equity. This provides a more direct way of estimating equity value. In theory, both approaches should yield the ...