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Examples of unexpected applications of mathematical theories can be found in many areas of mathematics. A notable example is the prime factorization of natural numbers that was discovered more than 2,000 years before its common use for secure internet communications through the RSA cryptosystem. [131]
In computing, a hash table is a data structure often used to implement the map (a.k.a. dictionary or associative array) abstract data type. A hash table uses a hash function to compute an index, also called a hash code, into an array of buckets or slots, from which the desired value can be found. During lookup, the key is hashed and the ...
In probability theory and statistics, a normal distribution or Gaussian distribution is a type of continuous probability distribution for a real-valued random variable.The general form of its probability density function is = The parameter is the mean or expectation of the distribution (and also its median and mode), while the parameter is the variance.
In mathematics, Pythagorean addition is a binary operation on the real numbers that computes the length of the hypotenuse of a right triangle, given its two sides.According to the Pythagorean theorem, for a triangle with sides and , this length can be calculated as = +, where denotes the Pythagorean addition operation.
From a lexicographic point of view, the simplest form of circular definition in a dictionary is in terms of synonyms, and the number of steps for closing the definition chain into a circle is known as the depth of the circular definition: the circular definition "object: a thing" → "thing: an object" is a circular definition with a depth of two.
Function calls and blocks of code, such as code contained within a loop, are often replaced by a one-line natural language sentence. Depending on the writer, pseudocode may therefore vary widely in style, from a near-exact imitation of a real programming language at one extreme, to a description approaching formatted prose at the other.
Here are examples in the Perl programming language: Look for duplicate words; perl -0777 -ne ' print "$.: doubled $_ " while /\b(\w+)\b\s+\b\1\b/gi ' Find Palindromes in /usr/dict/words; perl -lne ' print if $_ eq reverse ' /usr/dict/words in-place edit of *.c files changing all foo to bar; perl -p -i.bak -e ' s/\bfoo\b/bar/g ' *.c Many one ...
The Oxford English Dictionary (OED) is the principal historical dictionary of the English language, published by Oxford University Press (OUP), a University of Oxford publishing house. The dictionary, which published its first edition in 1884, traces the historical development of the English language, providing a comprehensive resource to ...