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  2. Null object pattern - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Null_object_pattern

    The class null is a subclass of the symbol class, because nil is a symbol. Since nil also represents the empty list, null is a subclass of the list class, too. Methods parameters specialized to symbol or list will thus take a nil argument. Of course, a null specialization can still be defined which is a more specific match for nil.

  3. Recursive data type - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recursive_data_type

    Recursive data type. In computer programming languages, a recursive data type (also known as a recursively-defined, inductively-defined or inductive data type) is a data type for values that may contain other values of the same type. Data of recursive types are usually viewed as directed graphs [citation needed] .

  4. Boolean data type - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boolean_data_type

    Boolean data type. In computer science, the Boolean (sometimes shortened to Bool) is a data type that has one of two possible values (usually denoted true and false) which is intended to represent the two truth values of logic and Boolean algebra. It is named after George Boole, who first defined an algebraic system of logic in the mid 19th ...

  5. Enumerated type - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enumerated_type

    Enumerated type. In computer programming, an enumerated type (also called enumeration, enum, or factor in the R programming language, and a categorical variable in statistics) is a data type consisting of a set of named values called elements, members, enumeral, or enumerators of the type. The enumerator names are usually identifiers that ...

  6. Anonymous function - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anonymous_function

    Anonymous function. In computer programming, an anonymous function ( function literal, lambda abstraction, lambda function, lambda expression or block) is a function definition that is not bound to an identifier. Anonymous functions are often arguments being passed to higher-order functions or used for constructing the result of a higher-order ...

  7. Mutator method - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutator_method

    Mutator method. In computer science, a mutator method is a method used to control changes to a variable. They are also widely known as setter methods. Often a setter is accompanied by a getter, which returns the value of the private member variable. They are also known collectively as accessors .

  8. Foreach loop - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreach_loop

    e. In computer programming, foreach loop (or for-each loop) is a control flow statement for traversing items in a collection. foreach is usually used in place of a standard for loop statement. Unlike other for loop constructs, however, foreach loops [1] usually maintain no explicit counter: they essentially say "do this to everything in this ...

  9. Python syntax and semantics - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python_syntax_and_semantics

    Python syntax and semantics. A snippet of Python code with keywords highlighted in bold yellow font. The syntax of the Python programming language is the set of rules that defines how a Python program will be written and interpreted (by both the runtime system and by human readers). The Python language has many similarities to Perl, C, and Java ...