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Prolactin ( PRL ), also known as lactotropin and mammotropin, is a protein best known for its role in enabling mammals to produce milk. It is influential in over 300 separate processes in various vertebrates, including humans. [ 5] Prolactin is secreted from the pituitary gland in response to eating, mating, estrogen treatment, ovulation and ...
Specialty. Endocrinology. Hyperprolactinaemia also known as Hyperprolactinemia is a condition characterized by abnormally high levels of prolactin in the blood. In women, normal prolactin levels average to about 13 ng/mL, while in men, they average 5 ng/mL. The upper normal limit of serum prolactin is typically between 15 to 25 ng/mL for both ...
Prolactinoma. A prolactinoma is a tumor ( adenoma) of the pituitary gland that produces the hormone prolactin. It is the most common type of functioning pituitary tumor. [ 1] Symptoms of prolactinoma are due to abnormally high levels of prolactin in the blood ( hyperprolactinemia ), or due to pressure of the tumor on surrounding brain tissue ...
High levels of prolactin during pregnancy and breastfeeding also increase insulin resistance, increase growth factor levels (IGF-1) and modify lipid metabolism in preparation for breastfeeding. During lactation, prolactin is the main factor maintaining tight junctions of the ductal epithelium and regulating milk production through osmotic balance.
Macroprolactin is the term used to describe complexed forms of the pituitary hormone prolactin which are found in blood. The most common complex found in blood consists of prolactin and immunoglobulin G (IgG). [1] While the free prolactin hormone is active, prolactin in the macroprolactin complex does not have any biological activity in the ...
Hypoprolactinemia can result from autoimmune disease, [2] hypopituitarism, [1] growth hormone deficiency, [2] hypothyroidism, [2] excessive dopamine action in the tuberoinfundibular pathway and/or the anterior pituitary, and ingestion of drugs that activate the D 2 receptor, such as direct D 2 receptor agonists like bromocriptine and pergolide, and indirect D 2 receptor activators like ...
Prolactin cell. A prolactin cell (also known as a lactotropic cell, epsilon acidophil, lactotrope, lactotroph, mammatroph, mammotroph) is a cell in the anterior pituitary which produces prolactin (a peptide hormone) in response to hormonal signals including dopamine (which is inhibitory), thyrotropin-releasing hormone and estrogen (especially ...
In women, hyperprolactinemia is often associated with amenorrhea, a condition that resembles the physiological situation during lactation (lactational amenorrhea). Mechanical detection of suckling increases prolactin levels in the body to increase milk synthesis. Excess prolactin may inhibit the menstrual cycle directly, by a suppressive effect ...