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Hazen–Williams equation. The Hazen–Williams equation is an empirical relationship which relates the flow of water in a pipe with the physical properties of the pipe and the pressure drop caused by friction. It is used in the design of water pipe systems [ 1] such as fire sprinkler systems, [ 2] water supply networks, and irrigation systems.
Hydraulic calculations indicate that the combination of the two primary components of a water based fire protection system will meet the design objectives to control, suppress, or extinguish a fire: The available water supply is sufficient in flowrate and pressure. The pipe sizes and piping network arrangement that deliver the water to the ...
An example of a water distribution system: a pumping station, a water tower, water mains, fire hydrants, and service lines [1] [2]. A water distribution system is a part of water supply network with components that carry potable water from a centralized treatment plant or wells to consumers to satisfy residential, commercial, industrial and fire fighting requirements.
EPANET. EPANET (Environmental Protection Agency Network Evaluation Tool) is a public domain, water distribution system modeling software package developed by the United States Environmental Protection Agency 's (EPA) Water Supply and Water Resources Division. It performs extended-period simulation of hydraulic and water-quality behavior within ...
Water balance in a basin. A general water balance equation is: [ 5] P = Q + ET + ΔS. where. P is precipitation. Q is streamflow. ET is evapotranspiration. ΔS is the change in storage (in soil or the bedrock / groundwater) This equation uses the principles of conservation of mass in a closed system, whereby any water entering a system (via ...
Water metering. A typical residential water meter. Water metering is the practice of measuring water use. Water meters measure the volume of water used by residential and commercial building units that are supplied with water by a public water supply system. They are also used to determine flow through a particular portion of the system.
A water flow test, also known as a hydrant flow test, [1] is a way to measure the water supply available at a building site, usually for the purposes of installing a water based fire protection system ( fire sprinkler system ). The most common test involves measuring the flow of water flowing out of a municipal fire hydrant (measured in litres ...
e. A water supply network or water supply system is a system of engineered hydrologic and hydraulic components that provide water supply. A water supply system typically includes the following: A drainage basin (see water purification – sources of drinking water) A raw water collection point (above or below ground) where the water accumulates ...