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In mathematics, the logarithm is the inverse function to exponentiation. That means that the logarithm of a number x to the base b is the exponent to which b must be raised to produce x. For example, since 1000 = 103, the logarithm base of 1000 is 3, or log10 (1000) = 3.
The natural logarithm of e itself, ln e, is 1, because e1 = e, while the natural logarithm of 1 is 0, since e0 = 1 . The natural logarithm can be defined for any positive real number a as the area under the curve y = 1/x from 1 to a[ 4] (with the area being negative when 0 < a < 1 ). The simplicity of this definition, which is matched in many ...
ln (r) is the standard natural logarithm of the real number r. Arg (z) is the principal value of the arg function; its value is restricted to (−π, π]. It can be computed using Arg (x + iy) = atan2 (y, x). Log (z) is the principal value of the complex logarithm function and has imaginary part in the range (−π, π].
Common logarithm. A graph of the common logarithm of numbers from 0.1 to 100. In mathematics, the common logarithm is the logarithm with base 10. [ 1] It is also known as the decadic logarithm and as the decimal logarithm, named after its base, or Briggsian logarithm, after Henry Briggs, an English mathematician who pioneered its use, as well ...
The first such distribution found is π(N) ~ N / log(N) , where π(N) is the prime-counting function (the number of primes less than or equal to N) and log(N) is the natural logarithm of N. This means that for large enough N, the probability that a random integer not greater than N is prime is very close to 1 / log(N).
The history of logarithms is the story of a correspondence (in modern terms, a group isomorphism) between multiplication on the positive real numbers and addition on the real number line that was formalized in seventeenth century Europe and was widely used to simplify calculation until the advent of the digital computer.
Exponent of a power of two. Graph of log2 xas a function of a positive real number x. In mathematics, the binary logarithm(log2 n) is the powerto which the number 2must be raisedto obtain the value n. That is, for any real number x, x=log2n 2x=n.{\displaystyle x=\log _{2}n\quad \Longleftrightarrow \quad 2^{x}=n.}
In a third layer, the logarithms of rational numbers r = a / b are computed with ln(r) = ln(a) − ln(b), and logarithms of roots via ln n √ c = 1 / n ln(c).. The logarithm of 2 is useful in the sense that the powers of 2 are rather densely distributed; finding powers 2 i close to powers b j of other numbers b is comparatively easy, and series representations of ln(b) are ...
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