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Disinformation is false information deliberately spread to deceive people. [ 1][ 2][ 3] Disinformation is an orchestrated adversarial activity in which actors employ strategic deceptions and media manipulation tactics to advance political, military, or commercial goals. [ 4]
Spreading false information can also seriously impede the effective and efficient use of the information available on social media. [113] An emerging trend in the online information environment is "a shift away from public discourse to private, more ephemeral, messaging ", which is a challenge to counter misinformation.
In some definitions, fake news includes satirical articles misinterpreted as genuine, and articles that employ sensationalist or clickbait headlines that are not supported in the text. [ 1] Because of this diversity of types of false news, researchers are beginning to favour information disorder as a more neutral and informative term.
Malinformation. Malinformation is a controversial term for information which is based on fact, but removed from its original context in order to mislead, harm, or manipulate. [ 1] The term was first coined by media researcher Hossein Derakhshan in a report titled "Information Disorder". [ 2] According to Derakhshan, examples of malinformation ...
An infodemic is a rapid and far-reaching spread of both accurate and inaccurate information about certain issues. [ 1][ 2] The word is a portmanteau of information and epidemic and is used as a metaphor to describe how misinformation and disinformation can spread like a virus from person to person and affect people like a disease. [ 3]
Hindsight bias. In a 1997 study, Ralph Hertwig, Gerd Gigerenzer, and Ulrich Hoffrage linked the illusory truth effect to the phenomenon known as "hindsight bias", described as a situation in which the recollection of confidence is skewed after the truth or falsity has been received. They have described the effect (which they call "the ...
A false statement, also known as a falsehood, falsity, misstatement or untruth, is a statement that is false or does not align with reality. This concept spans various fields, including communication, law, linguistics, and philosophy. It is considered a fundamental issue in human discourse. The intentional dissemination of misstatements ...
Fact-checking is the process of verifying the factual accuracy of questioned reporting and statements. Fact-checking can be conducted before or after the text or content is published or otherwise disseminated. Internal fact-checking is such checking done in-house by the publisher to prevent inaccurate content from being published; when the text ...