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Disinformation is false information deliberately spread to deceive people. [ 1][ 2][ 3] Disinformation is an orchestrated adversarial activity in which actors employ strategic deceptions and media manipulation tactics to advance political, military, or commercial goals. [ 4]
In some definitions, fake news includes satirical articles misinterpreted as genuine, and articles that employ sensationalist or clickbait headlines that are not supported in the text. [ 1] Because of this diversity of types of false news, researchers are beginning to favour information disorder as a more neutral and informative term.
Spreading false information can also seriously impede the effective and efficient use of the information available on social media. [113] An emerging trend in the online information environment is "a shift away from public discourse to private, more ephemeral, messaging ", which is a challenge to counter misinformation.
Malinformation. Malinformation is a controversial term for information which is based on fact, but removed from its original context in order to mislead, harm, or manipulate. [ 1] The term was first coined by media researcher Hossein Derakhshan in a report titled "Information Disorder". [ 2] According to Derakhshan, examples of malinformation ...
Fallacy of accent – changing the meaning of a statement by not specifying on which word emphasis falls. Persuasive definition – purporting to use the "true" or "commonly accepted" meaning of a term while, in reality, using an uncommon or altered definition. (cf. the if-by-whiskey fallacy)
False statement. A false statement, also known as a falsehood, falsity, misstatement or untruth, is a statement that is false or does not align with reality. This concept spans various fields, including communication, law, linguistics, and philosophy. It is considered a fundamental issue in human discourse.
Hindsight bias. In a 1997 study, Ralph Hertwig, Gerd Gigerenzer, and Ulrich Hoffrage linked the illusory truth effect to the phenomenon known as "hindsight bias", described as a situation in which the recollection of confidence is skewed after the truth or falsity has been received. They have described the effect (which they call "the ...
Essentially, the new information that a person receives works backward in time to distort memory of the original event. [6] One mechanism through which the misinformation effect occurs is source misattribution, in which the false information given after the event becomes incorporated into people's memory of the actual event. [7]