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O2 Sensor Monitor Bank 2 Sensor 1 0.00 ... 1: Upstream 2: Downstream of catalytic converter 4: From the outside atmosphere or off 8: Pump commanded on for diagnostics
Current (hydrology) In hydrology, a current in a stream or other water body is the flow of water influenced by gravity as the water moves downhill to reduce its potential energy. The current varies spatially as well as temporally within the stream, dependent upon the flow volume of water, stream gradient, and channel geometry. In tidal zones ...
Bioprocess. A bioprocess is a specific process that uses complete living cells or their components (e.g., bacteria, enzymes, chloroplasts) to obtain desired products. Transport of energy and mass is fundamental to many biological and environmental processes. Areas, from food processing (including brewing beer [ 1]) to thermal design of ...
Oxygen sensor. An oxygen sensor (or lambda sensor, where lambda refers to air–fuel equivalence ratio, usually denoted by λ) or probe or sond, is an electronic device that measures the proportion of oxygen (O 2) in the gas or liquid being analyzed. It was developed by Robert Bosch GmbH during the late 1960s under the supervision of Günter ...
When the catalytic converter is cold, air injected at the upstream point burns with the deliberately rich exhaust so as to bring the catalyst up to operating temperature quickly. Once the catalyst is warm, air is injected to the downstream location — the catalytic converter itself — to assist with catalysis of unburned hydrocarbons.
Flood control (or flood mitigation, protection or alleviation) methods are used to reduce or prevent the detrimental effects of flood waters. [ 1][ 2] Flooding can be caused by a mix of both natural processes, such as extreme weather upstream, and human changes to waterbodies and runoff. Flood control methods can be either of the structural ...
The levels of NO are around 100–2000 ppm (parts per million) and NO 2 20–200 ppm in a range of 1–10% O 2. The sensor has to be very sensitive to pick up these levels. The main challenges in the sensor development are selectivity, sensitivity, stability, reproducibility, response time, limit of detection, and cost.
Mass flow sensor. A mass (air) flow sensor ( MAF) is a sensor used to determine the mass flow rate of air entering a fuel-injected internal combustion engine . The air mass information is necessary for the engine control unit (ECU) to balance and deliver the correct fuel mass to the engine. Air changes its density with temperature and pressure.
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