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Five whys. Five whys (or 5 whys) is an iterative interrogative technique used to explore the cause-and-effect relationships underlying a particular problem. [ 1] The primary goal of the technique is to determine the root cause of a defect or problem by repeating the question "why?"
The of a proper, lower semi-continuous convex function enjoys several useful properties for optimization.. Fixed points of are minimizers of : { | =} = .; Global convergence to a minimizer is defined as follows: If , then for any initial point , the recursion () + = yields convergence as +.
A* search algorithm. A* (pronounced "A-star") is a graph traversal and pathfinding algorithm, which is used in many fields of computer science due to its completeness, optimality, and optimal efficiency. [ 1] Given a weighted graph, a source node and a goal node, the algorithm finds the shortest path (with respect to the given weights) from ...
In mathematical optimization, the network simplex algorithm is a graph theoretic specialization of the simplex algorithm. The algorithm is usually formulated in terms of a minimum-cost flow problem. The network simplex method works very well in practice, typically 200 to 300 times faster than the simplex method applied to general linear program ...
Physics-informed neural networks for solving Navier–Stokes equations. Physics-informed neural networks (PINNs), [1] also referred to as Theory-Trained Neural Networks (TTNs), [2] are a type of universal function approximators that can embed the knowledge of any physical laws that govern a given data-set in the learning process, and can be described by partial differential equations (PDEs ...
Python is a multi-paradigm programming language. Object-oriented programming and structured programming are fully supported, and many of their features support functional programming and aspect-oriented programming (including metaprogramming [ 70] and metaobjects ). [ 71] Many other paradigms are supported via extensions, including design by ...
Spyder is an open-source cross-platform integrated development environment (IDE) for scientific programming in the Python language. Spyder integrates with a number of prominent packages in the scientific Python stack, including NumPy, SciPy, Matplotlib, pandas, IPython, SymPy and Cython, as well as other open-source software. [ 4][ 5] It is ...
Timsort is a stable sorting algorithm (order of elements with same key is kept) and strives to perform balanced merges (a merge thus merges runs of similar sizes). In order to achieve sorting stability, only consecutive runs are merged. Between two non-consecutive runs, there can be an element with the same key inside the runs.