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e. In economics, aggregate demand ( AD) or domestic final demand ( DFD) is the total demand for final goods and services in an economy at a given time. [ 1] It is often called effective demand, though at other times this term is distinguished. This is the demand for the gross domestic product of a country. It specifies the amount of goods and ...
Keynesian economics ( / ˈkeɪnziən / KAYN-zee-ən; sometimes Keynesianism, named after British economist John Maynard Keynes) are the various macroeconomic theories and models of how aggregate demand (total spending in the economy) strongly influences economic output and inflation. [ 1] In the Keynesian view, aggregate demand does not ...
A demand curve is a graph depicting the inverse demand function, [ 1] a relationship between the price of a certain commodity (the y -axis) and the quantity of that commodity that is demanded at that price (the x -axis). Demand curves can be used either for the price-quantity relationship for an individual consumer (an individual demand curve ...
Speculative demand is the holding of real balances for the purpose of avoiding capital loss from holding bonds or stocks. The net return on bonds is the sum of the interest payments and the capital gains (or losses) from their varying market value. A rise in interest rates causes aftermarket bond prices to fall, and that implies a capital loss ...
Therefore, the intersection of the demand and supply curves provide us with the efficient allocation of goods in an economy. In microeconomics, the law of demand is a fundamental principle which states that there is an inverse relationship between price and quantity demanded. In other words, "conditional on all else being equal, as the price of ...
The Harrod–Domar model makes the following a priori assumptions: 1: Output is a function of capital stock only (labor is irrelevant). 2: The marginal product of capital is constant; the production function exhibits constant returns to scale. This implies capital's marginal and average products are equal. 3: Capital is necessary for output.
In monetary economics, the demand for money is the desired holding of financial assets in the form of money: that is, cash or bank deposits rather than investments. It can refer to the demand for money narrowly defined as M1 (directly spendable holdings), or for money in the broader sense of M2 or M3 . Money in the sense of M1 is dominated as a ...
The other components are the asset or speculative demand and the precautionary demand. The transactions demand for money is positively affected by the amount of real income and expenditure, and negatively affected by the interest rate on alternative assets, which is the opportunity cost of holding money for any reason. It also depends on the ...