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In any quantitative science, the terms relative change and relative difference are used to compare two quantities while taking into account the "sizes" of the things being compared, i.e. dividing by a standard or reference or starting value. [ 1 ] The comparison is expressed as a ratio and is a unitless number.
A reference electrode is an electrode that has a stable and well-known electrode potential. The overall chemical reaction taking place in a cell is made up of two independent half-reactions, which describe chemical changes at the two electrodes. To focus on the reaction at the working electrode, the reference electrode is standardized with ...
EM(abs) is the absolute potential of the electrode made of metal M. ϕ M {\displaystyle \phi ^ {M}} is the electron work function of metal M. Δ S M ψ {\displaystyle \Delta _ {S}^ {M}\psi } is the contact (Volta) potential difference at the metal ( M )–solution ( S) interface. For practical purposes, the value of the absolute electrode ...
The hydrogen electrode is based on the redox half cell corresponding to the reduction of two hydrated protons, 2H+(aq), into one gaseous hydrogen molecule, H2 (g). General equation for a reduction reaction: The reaction quotient ( Qr) of the half-reaction is the ratio between the chemical activities ( a) of the reduced form (the reductant, ared ...
A bandgap voltage reference is a voltage reference circuit widely used in integrated circuits. It produces an almost constant voltage corresponding to the particular semiconductor 's theoretical band gap, with very little fluctuations from variations of power supply, electrical load, time, temperature (as of 1999, they typically have an initial ...
The relative activity of a species i, denoted a i, is defined [4] [5] as: = where μ i is the (molar) chemical potential of the species i under the conditions of interest, μ o i is the (molar) chemical potential of that species under some defined set of standard conditions, R is the gas constant, T is the thermodynamic temperature and e is the exponential constant.
In electrostatics, the permittivity plays an important role in determining the capacitance of a capacitor . In the simplest case, the electric displacement field D resulting from an applied electric field E is. More generally, the permittivity is a thermodynamic function of state. [ 1] It can depend on the frequency, magnitude, and direction of ...
Relative velocities between two particles in classical mechanics. The figure shows two objects A and B moving at constant velocity. The equations of motion are: = +, = +, where the subscript i refers to the initial displacement (at time t equal to zero).