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  2. Koopmans' theorem - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koopmans'_theorem

    Koopmans’ theorem applies to the removal of an electron from any occupied molecular orbital to form a positive ion. Removal of the electron from different occupied molecular orbitals leads to the ion in different electronic states.

  3. Free Lie algebra - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_Lie_algebra

    The definition of the free Lie algebra generated by a set X is as follows: . Let X be a set and : a morphism of sets from X into a Lie algebra L.The Lie algebra L is called free on X if is the universal morphism; that is, if for any Lie algebra A with a morphism of sets :, there is a unique Lie algebra morphism : such that =.

  4. Hinge theorem - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinge_theorem

    The hinge theorem holds in Euclidean spaces and more generally in simply connected non-positively curved space forms.. It can be also extended from plane Euclidean geometry to higher dimension Euclidean spaces (e.g., to tetrahedra and more generally to simplices), as has been done for orthocentric tetrahedra (i.e., tetrahedra in which altitudes are concurrent) [2] and more generally for ...

  5. Degrees of freedom (physics and chemistry) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Degrees_of_freedom_(physics...

    By the equipartition theorem, internal energy per mole of gas equals c v T, where T is absolute temperature and the specific heat at constant volume is c v = (f)(R/2). R = 8.314 J/(K mol) is the universal gas constant, and "f" is the number of thermodynamic (quadratic) degrees of freedom, counting the number of ways in which energy can occur.

  6. Darboux's theorem - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darboux's_theorem

    Moreover, satisfies the first set of hypotheses in Darboux's theorem, and so locally there is a coordinate chart near in which = + … +. Taking an exterior derivative now shows ω = d θ = d x 1 ∧ d y 1 + … + d x m ∧ d y m . {\displaystyle \omega =\mathrm {d} \theta =\mathrm {d} x_{1}\wedge \mathrm {d} y_{1}+\ldots +\mathrm {d} x_{m ...

  7. Slice theorem (differential geometry) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slice_theorem...

    The important application of the theorem is a proof of the fact that the quotient / admits a manifold structure when is compact and the action is free. In algebraic geometry, there is an analog of the slice theorem; it is called Luna's slice theorem.

  8. Ramsey's theorem - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramsey's_theorem

    The theorem for the 2-colour case can be proved by induction on r + s. [3] It is clear from the definition that for all n, R(n, 2) = R(2, n) = n. This starts the induction. We prove that R(r, s) exists by finding an explicit bound for it. By the inductive hypothesis R(r − 1, s) and R(r, s − 1) exist. Lemma 1.

  9. Valence electron - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valence_electron

    Four covalent bonds.Carbon has four valence electrons and here a valence of four. Each hydrogen atom has one valence electron and is univalent. In chemistry and physics, valence electrons are electrons in the outermost shell of an atom, and that can participate in the formation of a chemical bond if the outermost shell is not closed.