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The number of nucleons (both protons and neutrons) in the nucleus is the atom's mass number, and each isotope of a given element has a different mass number. For example, carbon-12, carbon-13, and carbon-14 are three isotopes of the element carbon with mass numbers 12, 13, and 14, respectively. The atomic number of carbon is 6, which means that ...
Isotopes of carbon. are stable. The longest-lived radioisotope is 14. , with a half-life of 5.70 (3) × 103 years. This is also the only carbon radioisotope found in nature, as trace quantities are formed cosmogenically by the reaction 14. The most stable artificial radioisotope is 11. , which has a half-life of 20.3402 (53) min.
O. have also been characterized, all short-lived. The longest-lived radioisotope is 15. O. with a half-life of 122.266 (43) s, while the shortest-lived isotope is the unbound 11. O. with a half-life of 198 (12) yoctoseconds, though half-lives have not been measured for the unbound heavy isotopes 27. O. and 28.
This glossary of chemistry terms is a list of terms and definitions relevant to chemistry, including chemical laws, diagrams and formulae, laboratory tools, glassware, and equipment. Chemistry is a physical science concerned with the composition, structure, and properties of matter , as well as the changes it undergoes during chemical reactions ...
In nuclear physics, isotones are nucleides of the different chemical elements. They have the same neutron number, but different nucleon number (mass number) due to different proton number (atomic number). For example, boron-12 and carbon-13 nuclei both contain 7 neutrons, and so are isotones. Similarly, 36 S, 37 Cl, 38 Ar, 39 K, and 40 Ca ...
Electrons and a compact nucleus of protons and neutrons. Atoms are the basic particles of the chemical elements. An atom consists of a nucleus of protons and generally neutrons, surrounded by an electromagnetically bound swarm of electrons. The chemical elements are distinguished from each other by the number of protons that are in their atoms.
Carbon-12 ( 12 C) is the most abundant of the two stable isotopes of carbon ( carbon-13 being the other), amounting to 98.93% of element carbon on Earth; [ 1] its abundance is due to the triple-alpha process by which it is created in stars. Carbon-12 is of particular importance in its use as the standard from which atomic masses of all nuclides ...
Isotope fractionation describes fractionation processes that affect the relative abundance of isotopes, phenomena which are taken advantage of in isotope geochemistry and other fields. Normally, the focus is on stable isotopes of the same element. Isotopic fractionation can be measured by isotope analysis, using isotope-ratio mass spectrometry ...