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Operant conditioning. Operant conditioning, also called instrumental conditioning, is a learning process where voluntary behaviors are modified by association with the addition (or removal) of reward or aversive stimuli. The frequency or duration of the behavior may increase through reinforcement or decrease through punishment or extinction.
Classical conditioning occurs when a conditioned stimulus (CS) is paired with an unconditioned stimulus (US). Usually, the conditioned stimulus is a neutral stimulus (e.g., the sound of a tuning fork), the unconditioned stimulus is biologically potent (e.g., the taste of food) and the unconditioned response (UR) to the unconditioned stimulus is an unlearned reflex response (e.g., salivation).
A general movements assessment is a type of medical assessment used in the diagnosis of cerebral palsy, [ 1] and is particularly used to follow up high-risk neonatal cases. [ 2] The general movements assessment involves measuring movements that occur spontaneously among those less than four months of age and appears to be most accurate test for ...
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A Schedule C appointment is a type of political appointment in the United States for confidential or policy roles immediately subordinate to other appointees. As of 2016, there were 1,403 Schedule C appointees. [1] Most of these are confidential assistants, policy experts, special counsels, and schedulers, although about 500 of them are non ...
Reciprocal inhibition describes the relaxation of muscles on one side of a joint to accommodate contraction on the other side. In some allied health disciplines, this is known as reflexive antagonism. The central nervous system sends a message to the agonist muscle to contract. The tension in the antagonist muscle is activated by impulses from ...
An integrating center, the point at which the neurons that compose the gray matter of the spinal cord or brainstem synapse. Efferent nerve fibers carry motor nerve signals from the anterior horn to the muscles. Effector muscle innervated by the efferent nerve fiber carries out the response. A reflex arc, then, is the pathway followed by nerves ...
The Golgi tendon reflex[1] (also called inverse stretch reflex, autogenic inhibition, [2] tendon reflex[3]) is an inhibitory effect on the muscle resulting from the muscle tension stimulating Golgi tendon organs (GTO) of the muscle, and hence it is self-induced. The reflex arc is a negative feedback mechanism preventing too much tension on the ...