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Prostate cancer is the uncontrolled growth of cells in the prostate, a gland in the male reproductive system below the bladder. Abnormal growth of prostate tissue is usually detected through screening tests, typically blood tests that check for prostate-specific antigen (PSA) levels. Those with high levels of PSA in their blood are at increased ...
The PSA test in 1994 failed to differentiate between prostate cancer and benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH) and the commercial assay kits for PSA did not provide correct PSA values. [55] Thus with the introduction of the ratio of free-to-total PSA, the reliability of the test has improved.
The 4Kscore combines total, free and intact PSA together with human kallikrein 2. [46] It is used to try to determine the risk of a Gleason score greater than 6. [46] The Prostate Health Index (PHI) is a PSA-based blood test for early prostate cancer screening. It may be used to determine when a biopsy is needed.
Treatment for prostate cancer may involve active surveillance, surgery, radiation therapy – including brachytherapy ( prostate brachytherapy) and external-beam radiation therapy, proton therapy, high-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU), cryosurgery, hormonal therapy, chemotherapy, or some combination. Treatments also extend to survivorship ...
Gleason score is calculated from grade as described in the text. The Gleason grading system is used to help evaluate the prognosis of men with prostate cancer using samples from a prostate biopsy. Together with other parameters, it is incorporated into a strategy of prostate cancer staging which predicts prognosis and helps guide therapy.
Asymptomatic inflammatory prostatitis is a painless inflammation of the prostate gland where there is no evidence of infection. [1] It should be distinguished from the other categories of prostatitis characterised by either pelvic pain or evidence of infection, such as chronic bacterial prostatitis, acute bacterial prostatitis and chronic ...
Prostatic acid phosphatase. Prostatic acid phosphatase ( PAP ), also prostatic specific acid phosphatase ( PSAP ), is an enzyme produced by the prostate. It may be found in increased amounts in men who have prostate cancer or other diseases. The highest levels of acid phosphatase are found in metastasized prostate cancer.
Benign prostatic hyperplasia ( BPH ), also called prostate enlargement, is a noncancerous increase in size of the prostate gland. [ 1] Symptoms may include frequent urination, trouble starting to urinate, weak stream, inability to urinate, or loss of bladder control. [ 1] Complications can include urinary tract infections, bladder stones, and ...
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