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There is no single correct way to write it. Estd seems more common on older signs, or things that were established longer ago. I've seen Estd written in many different ways: ESTḠ1862. ESTD 1824. EST D 1817. Estd. 2001. Likewise for Est: EST. 1946. Est. 2002. EST 1937. The capitalisation usually depends if the accompanying name or text is ...
"Est." is one abbreviation for "established"; "est'd." is another. "Est" is also Latin for "is", and while some Latin terms and abbreviations (like "etc.") are still used in English, it's unlikely that "est" was ever used in isolation in English, only as part of a Latin phrase, since "est" is clearly longer than "is". :)
I wouldn't say it's always appropriate. Typically you only see it for dates (for example, "she was born circa 1920"). The Wiktionary article on 'circa' implies (but doesn't explicitly state) in the usage notes that it's used for dates and measures, so your examples of “circa Pacific Coast Highway” or “circa $300,000” appear to be incorrect.
Just look at these examples to see what I mean (from an American English perspective): exampli gratis is usually written e.g., (including the comma.) id est is almost always written i.e., (again, including the comma.) nota bene is usually written NB, but also often written N.B.
ID is the abbreviated initialism of "Identification Document", but this abbreviation is similar to the abbreviation of the single word Identifier, which is "Id". If you are referring to a student ID or a driver's license number as their ID number, then use ID since the letters should all be capitalized to indicate to the reader that it stands ...
The 'app' example is slightly different. This is an abbreviation where a word has simply been shortened. More established examples include phone, bike, fridge, gym, photo. As far as I'm aware, there's no special word for these. (I'm writing from a British English perspective.)
ex. abbreviation for: 1-examination 2-examined 3-example 4-except(ed) 5-exception 6-exchange 7-excursion 8-executed 9-executive 10-express 11-extra. The context, therefore, in which you wish to use the abbreviation ex. (don't forget the dot!) is critical otherwise people may misunderstand what the abbreviation stands for.
The abbreviation for ‘hours’ is hrs. The one for "Minute" is 'min'. It is a unit of measure, which have standard abbreviations, and they do not change in plural nor have a final period. So, the correct abbreviation for minute(s) is "min". My question is: why this discrepancy and not 'hr' in line with 'min'?
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What it means for a letter in a contraction or abbreviation to "represent" a letter in the corresponding full word is not clearly defined for all cases. For example, the abbreviation Rx is used to represent a medical "prescription." The abbreviation does historically come from a word that starts with r (recipe) but that word doesn't contain x ...