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Relational algebra is a branch of mathematics that studies the manipulation and analysis of data in relational databases. It defines a set of operations, such as selection, projection, join, and union, that can be applied to relations or sets of tuples. Learn more about the concepts and notation of relational algebra on Wikipedia, including the rename operation that changes the attribute name ...
Tuple. In mathematics, a tuple is a finite sequence or ordered list of numbers or, more generally, mathematical objects, which are called the elements of the tuple. An n-tuple is a tuple of n elements, where n is a non-negative integer. There is only one 0-tuple, called the empty tuple. A 1-tuple and a 2-tuple are commonly called a singleton ...
Tuple relational calculus. Tuple calculus is a calculus that was created and introduced by Edgar F. Codd as part of the relational model, in order to provide a declarative database-query language for data manipulation in this data model. It formed the inspiration for the database-query languages QUEL and SQL, of which the latter, although far ...
The relational model ( RM) is an approach to managing data using a structure and language consistent with first-order predicate logic, first described in 1969 by English computer scientist Edgar F. Codd, [ 1][ 2] where all data is represented in terms of tuples, grouped into relations. A database organized in terms of the relational model is a ...
In mathematics, the lexicographic or lexicographical order (also known as lexical order, or dictionary order) is a generalization of the alphabetical order of the dictionaries to sequences of ordered symbols or, more generally, of elements of a totally ordered set . There are several variants and generalizations of the lexicographical ordering.
Relation (database) Relation, tuple, and attribute represented as table, row, and column respectively. In database theory, a relation, as originally defined by E. F. Codd, [ 1] is a set of tuples (d 1 ,d 2 ,...,d n ), where each element d j is a member of D j, a data domain. Codd's original definition notwithstanding, and contrary to the usual ...
Relational calculus. The relational calculus consists of two calculi, the tuple relational calculus and the domain relational calculus, that is part of the relational model for databases and provide a declarative way to specify database queries. The raison d'être of relational calculus is the formalization of query optimization, which is ...
A block-nested loop ( BNL) is an algorithm used to join two relations in a relational database. [1] This algorithm [2] is a variation of the simple nested loop join and joins two relations and (the "outer" and "inner" join operands, respectively). Suppose . In a traditional nested loop join, will be scanned once for every tuple of .