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Inverting this formula gives the indirect utility function (utility as a function of price and income): (,) = (),where is the amount of income available to the individual and is equivalent to the expenditure ((,)) in the previous equation.
In linguistics, speech or indirect discourse is a grammatical mechanism for reporting the content of another utterance without directly quoting it. For example, the English sentence Jill said she was coming is indirect discourse while Jill said "I'm coming" would be direct discourse.
Free indirect discourse can be described as a "technique of presenting a character's voice partly mediated by the voice of the author". In the words of the French narrative theorist Gérard Genette, "the narrator takes on the speech of the character, or, if one prefers, the character speaks through the voice of the narrator, and the two instances then are merged". [1]
An indirect election or hierarchical voting, [1] is an election in which voters do not choose directly among candidates or parties for an office (direct voting system), but elect people who in turn choose candidates or parties.
The expenditure function is the inverse of the indirect utility function when the prices are kept constant. I.e, for every price vector and income level :: 106 (, (,)) There is a duality relationship between expenditure function and utility function.
Leontief utility functions represent complementary goods.For example: Suppose is the number of left shoes and the number of right shoes. A consumer can only use pairs of shoes.
Indirect inference is a simulation-based method for estimating the parameters of economic models. [1] [2] It is a computational method for determining acceptable macroeconomic model parameters in circumstances where the available data is too voluminous or unsuitable for formal modeling.
A tree diagram of English functions. In linguistics, grammatical relations (also called grammatical functions, grammatical roles, or syntactic functions) are functional relationships between constituents in a clause. The standard examples of grammatical functions from traditional grammar are subject, direct object, and indirect object.