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v. t. e. In computing, input/output ( I/O, i/o, or informally io or IO) is the communication between an information processing system, such as a computer, and the outside world, such as another computer system, peripherals, or a human operator. Inputs are the signals or data received by the system and outputs are the signals or data sent from it.
Polling (computer science) Polling, or interrogation, refers to actively sampling the status of an external device by a client program as a synchronous activity. Polling is most often used in terms of input/output ( I/O ), and is also referred to as polled I/O or software-driven I/O. A good example of hardware implementation is a watchdog timer .
Originally I/O happened via a physically connected system console (input via keyboard, output via monitor), but standard streams abstract this. When a command is executed via an interactive shell , the streams are typically connected to the text terminal on which the shell is running, but can be changed with redirection or a pipeline .
In computing, an input–output memory management unit ( IOMMU) is a memory management unit (MMU) connecting a direct-memory-access –capable (DMA-capable) I/O bus to the main memory. Like a traditional MMU, which translates CPU -visible virtual addresses to physical addresses, the IOMMU maps device-visible virtual addresses (also called ...
Memory-mapped I/O is preferred in x86-32 and x86-64 based architectures because the instructions that perform port-based I/O are limited to one register: EAX, AX, and AL are the only registers that data can be moved into or out of, and either a byte-sized immediate value in the instruction or a value in register DX determines which port is the source or destination port of the transfer.
A general-purpose input/output ( GPIO) is an uncommitted digital signal pin on an integrated circuit or electronic circuit (e.g. MCUs / MPUs) board which may be used as an input or output, or both, and is controllable by software. GPIOs have no predefined purpose and are unused by default. [ 1][ 2] If used, the purpose and behavior of a GPIO is ...
Super I/O (sometimes Multi-IO) [ 1] is a class of I/O controller integrated circuits that began to be used on personal computer motherboards in the late 1980s, originally as add-in cards, later embedded on the motherboards. A super I/O chip combines interfaces for a variety of low- bandwidth devices.
The C programming language provides many standard library functions for file input and output.These functions make up the bulk of the C standard library header <stdio.h>. [1] The functionality descends from a "portable I/O package" written by Mike Lesk at Bell Labs in the early 1970s, [2] and officially became part of the Unix operating system in Version 7.