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Natural sources may lead to basic research on potential bioactive components for commercial development as lead compounds in drug discovery. [12] Although natural products have inspired numerous drugs, drug development from natural sources has received declining attention in the 21st century by pharmaceutical companies, partly due to unreliable ...
Pharmacognosy is the study of crude drugs obtained from medicinal plants, animals, fungi, and other natural sources. [ 1] The American Society of Pharmacognosy defines pharmacognosy as "the study of the physical, chemical, biochemical, and biological properties of drugs, drug substances, or potential drugs or drug substances of natural origin ...
Drug discovery. In the fields of medicine, biotechnology and pharmacology, drug discovery is the process by which new candidate medications are discovered. [1] Historically, drugs were discovered by identifying the active ingredient from traditional remedies or by serendipitous discovery, as with penicillin. More recently, chemical libraries of ...
Plant sources of anti-cancer agents. Extracts from Camptotheca (the "happy tree" or "cancer tree") were used to develop the chemotherapeutic drug Topotecan. Plant sources of anti-cancer agents are plants, the derivatives of which have been shown to be usable for the treatment or prevention of cancer in humans. [1] [2]
Crude drugs are unrefined natural medications in their raw forms. Prior to the 1950s, every pharmacy student learned about crude drugs in pharmacognosy class. Pharmacognosy is the study of the proper horticulture, harvesting and uses of the raw medications found in nature. Raising, harvesting and selling crude drugs was how many large ...
Amphetamine is a weak base with a pK a of 9.9; [3] consequently, when the pH is basic, more of the drug is in its lipid soluble free base form, and more is absorbed through the lipid-rich cell membranes of the gut epithelium. [3] [29] Conversely, an acidic pH means the drug is predominantly in a water-soluble cationic (salt) form, and less is ...
White willow is a natural source of salicylic acid. Willow has long been used for medicinal purposes. Dioscorides , whose writings were highly influential for more than 1,500 years, [ 30 ] used 'Itea' (which was possibly a species of willow) as a treatment for 'painful intestinal obstructions,' birth control, for 'those who spit blood,' to ...
Theophylline, also known as 1,3-dimethylxanthine, is a drug that inhibits phosphodiesterase and blocks adenosine receptors. [ 1] It is used to treat chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and asthma. [ 2] Its pharmacology is similar to other methylxanthine drugs (e.g., theobromine and caffeine ). [ 1]